123456 free essay sample

LA DACTILOSCOPIA TEMA 11 TEMA 11 ____________________________________________________________ __________ CARACTERISTICAS INDIVIDUALES DE LOS DACTILOGRAMAS. LOS PUNTOS CARACTERISTICOS. ENUMERACION, DEFINICION Y DETERMINACION DE LOS PRINCIPALES. COMBINACION DE PUNTOS CARACTERISTICOS. LA IDENTIFICACION A TRAVES DE LOS PUNTOS CARACTERISTICOS Y EL NUMERO MINIMO DE ELLOS PARA UNA IDENTIFICACION. POROS Y EXCRECENCIAS. CARACTERISTICAS INDIVIDUALES DE LOS DACTILOGRAMAS. LOS PUNTOS CARACTERISTICOS. Dentro de los tres apartados que ibamos an estudiar en relacion con las caracteristicas generales de los dactilogramas, el tercero de ellos se referia al estudio de las peculiaridades individuales de estos dibujos, es decir, an aquellos elementos individualizadores que presentan los dibujos papilares para distinguirse unos de otros. Estos elementos se denominan puntos caracteristicos y se trata de una serie de accidentes, de interrupciones o de peculiaridades morfologicas, dentro del ordinary y cont inuado desarrollo de las crestas papilares. ENUMERACION, DEFINICION Y DETERMINACION DE LOS PRINCIPALES PUNTOS CARACTERISTICOS. 1. Abrupta: Denominamos asi la cresta papilar ubicada entre otras dos, casi paralelas an ella, que termina sin volver an aparecer. Abrupta ____________________________________________________________ __________ 1 LICENCIATURA EN CRIMINOLOGIA UNIVERSIDAD DE MURCIA LA DACTILOSCOPIA TEMA 11 2. Bifurcacion: Es la cresta papilar que parte del lado izquierdo del dibujo y se desdobla en dos, las cuales continuan paralelamente un trecho mas o menos largo. Bifurcacion 3. Convergencia: Igual de forma a la bifurcacion, pero de direccion contraria. Por tanto esta constituida por dos crestas que parten paralelamente del lado izquierdo de la impresion y se fusionan formando una sola cresta. Convergencia Para distinguir facilmente estos dos puntos feed que pensar en la direccion de las agujas del reloj como modelo a seguir. Asi, si siguiendo este sentido dos crestas se fusionan en una sola se denomina convergencia, mientras que si lo que hacen es dividirse en dos, le llamaremos bifurcacion. Bifurcacion Convergencia ____________________________________________________________ __________ 2 LICENCIATURA EN CRIMINOLOGIA UNIVERSIDAD DE MURCIA LA DACTILOSCOPIA TEMA 11 4. Desviacion: La constituyen dos crestas procedentes de lados distintos de la impresion, que parece van an encontrarse y formar una sola linea, pero cuyos extremos se desvian â€cuando ya estan proximos-quedando separados por un surco interpapilar. Desviacion 5. Empalme: Cresta corta, de direccion oblicua, que se funde por sus lados con otras dos paralelas. Empalme 6. Fragmento: Cresta de extremos abruptos y de measurement variable. Asi, llamamos â€Å"pequeno†, al que no es cinco veces mas largo que ancho. â€Å"Mediano† de cinco a diez veces su grosor, y â€Å"grande† el que excede de diez veces su grosor. Fragmento 7. Interrupcion: Solamente se aprecia la regular de una cresta completa que aproximadamente ocean doble de larga que de anchura y presente redondeados los extremos de la interrupcion, como si fueran dos abruptas proximas y enfrentadas. Interrupcion ____________________________________________________________ __________ 3 LICENCIATURA EN CRIMINOLOGIA UNIVERSIDAD DE MURCIA LA DACTILOSCOPIA TEMA 11 8. Ojal: Es el espacio eliptico compuesto por las ramas de una cresta bifurcada que vuelve a fusionarse por convergencia. Atendiendo a la longitud de los ojales, tambien podemos subdividirlos como los fragmentos. Ojal 9. Punto: Pequeno fragmento de cresta, tan corto como ancho. Suele estar situado en el centro de una interrupcion, o de un delta hundido o, mas generalmente, entre dos crestas. Punto 10. Transversal: Cresta que se aparta de la direccion head y cruza risk otras dos de trayectoria opuesta. Transversal 11. Cuna o ensamble: Es la cresta que entra por entre atras dos paralelas, como el ensamble del carpintero. Ensamble ____________________________________________________________ __________ 4 LICENCIATURA EN CRIMINOLOGIA UNIVERSIDAD DE MURCIA LA DACTILOSCOPIA TEMA 11 COMBINACION DE PUNTOS CARACTERISTICOS. Ademas de tasks los puntos caracteristicos enumerados anteriormente, tambien existen aquellos que surgen de la combinacion con otros, asi, por ejemplo, la bifurcacion seguida de un ojal, el ojal o los ojales seguidos de una convergencia, la convergencia ojal, el ojal bifurcacion, la convergencia bifurcacion and so forth. Martin de Andres les da el nombre de puntos caracteristicos reunidos, consecutivos y equivocos a las combinaciones que resultan de la aproximacion o association de los puntos caracteristicos mas comunes. Ahora bien, para que esta combinacion de puntos pueda considerarse como puntos reunidos, es preciso que entre ello no haya una distancia city hall leader a cuatro veces el grueso de una cresta. LA IDENTIFICACION A TRAVES DE LOS PUNTOS CARACTERISTICOS Y EL NUMERO MINIMO DE ELLOS PARA UNA IDENTIFICACION. Como sabemos, la identificacion lofoscopica solamente es posible a traves de las caracteristicas individuales de las crestas papilares, es decir, a traves de la identificacion numerica, topografica y morfologica de los puntos caracteristicos. En cuanto al numero de ellos para llegar a la end cientifica y juridica de que una huella anonima ha sido producida por determinado dedo de tal o cual persona fisica, feed que decir que en la actualidad no existe un criterio unificado al respecto. En recientes congresos internacionales sobre dactiloscopia se ha llegado a la end de que el numero de DOCE puntos caracteristicos es necesario y suficiente para probar la identidad entre dos imagenes lofoscopicas. Este numero de doce puntos esta determinado, logicamente, por calculos matematicos de probabilidades; combinaciones no solo efectuadas por el numero de elementos diversos, sino tambien por su morfologia y situacion dentro del mapa de las crestas an estudiar. Estudios realizados por teoricos dactiloscopistas como Galton, Balthazard o Ramos, llegan a la end de que por calculos matematicos tendrian que transcurrir 4. 660. 337 siglos para que dos dibujos papilares coincidiesen en sus caracteristicas especificas. Esto child estudios de probabilidades matematicas, aunque en realidad task el mundo sabe y acepta como verdad lo innecesario de la naturaleza a repetirse. Deciamos bets que el numero minimo de puntos aceptado para certificar una identidad es el de doce, es decir, un guarismo, aunque a decir verdad, el numero de estas coincidencias no es tan importante como su morfologia. No es lo mismo encontrar diez o doce puntos caracteristicos comunes del tipo de la abrupta o de la bifurcacion â€bastante ____________________________________________________________ _________ 5 LICENCIATURA EN CRIMINOLOGIA UNIVERSIDAD DE MURCIA LA DACTILOSCOPIA TEMA 11 comunes segun estudios porcentuales realizados sobre la aparicion de los mismos-, que encontrar cinco o seis puntos del tipo de la transversal, la interrupcion, el ensamble o la desviacion â€autenticas rarezas-. Es decir, que para un lofoscopista experto, una combinacion menor de doce puntos acompanada de la rareza de estos puntos, serian sufici entes para llegar an una end cientificamente razonada de la identidad de los dibujos estudiados. Muy frecuentes: Abrupta, Bifurcacion y Convergencia. Frecuentes: Ojal y fragmento. Poco frecuentes: Desviacion, empalme, interrupcion, Punto, Transversal, Ensamble. POROS Y EXCRECENCIAS. Como complemento de los puntos caracteristicos individuales, colectivos y en cadena, podemos senalar como particularidades de los dactilogramas los poros y las excrecencias. Sobre los poros ya hablamos anteriormente, asi como de la posibilidad de su estudio a traves de la poroscopia, ciencia iniciada por Locard y que estaba basada en varios actores como la morfologia de los poros, su numero, situacion and so on. Excrecencias child unas crestas finas ubicadas a lo largo de los surcos interpapilares, crestas que por su rara aparicion child muy interesantes para el estudio, aunque como veremos mas adelante no se consideran como crestas en cuanto al computo de las mismas en la subformulacion de los dactilogramas monodelticos. Poros Excrecencias ____________________________________________________________ __________ 6 LICENCIATURA EN CRIMINOLOGIA UNIVERSIDAD DE MURCIA

Marks and Spencer Financial Statements Coursework

Imprints and Spencer Financial Statements - Coursework Example A significant number of the privately owned businesses in the UK utilize International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) calculated system for money related revealing (Holland, 1998) and address issues with respect to reasonable worth bookkeeping as far as the 8 stages, out of which four are dynamic: the goal and subjective attributes, components and acknowledgment, estimation, and detailing element. The applied structure itself gives direction on which estimation bases to be utilized or results to be gotten through the estimations choices. The estimations of the various fragments are focused on reasonable incentive to meet the subjective attributes of the system. As IFRS incorporates reasonable worth estimations required by the United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (UK GAAP) (Ballard, 2010, p 704), clearly the diverse recognizable parts (Connolly, 2012) like annuity and other related expenses and liabilities of M&S are as per reasonable worth estimation that meets the subjective attributes of the structure (Ballard, 2010, p 703). Likewise, as indicated by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), the goal of reasonable worth estimation is â€Å"to give direction to choosing estimation bases that fulfill the destinations and subjective attributes of money related reporting† (FASB, 2009b, p2; Ballard, 2010, p 703). The subjective qualities help monetary detailing in the determination of an estimation strategy which the organization has accomplished through distinguishing its representatives as their important resource and furthermore having certain approaches and plans like the benefits plan and work, wellbeing and security plots as a feature of its maintainability drive (M&S How We Do Business, 2011). Further, recognizable sections are reportable or working fragments of the organization that have detailed income of over 10% of the consolidated income of both insid e and outside income of every other portion. Likewise, if the benefit or loss of a specific section, similar to worker compensation or representative advantages, including annuity benefits, is more prominent than benefit or loss of every single working fragment consolidated or the benefits are worth over 10% of all joined working portion resources, at that point the fragment is supposed to be reportable (Connolly, 2012, p2). This implies M&S has the alternative of excluding the worker compensation advantages or annuity liabilities and expenses in the money related report. Estimation is characterized in the IASB’s system as â€Å"the procedure of deciding the money related sums at which the components of fiscal reports are to be perceived and conveyed in a critical position sheet and pay statement† (IASB, 2001, p 99; Ballard, 2010, p 706). M&S has perceived the estimations identifying with worker compensation, expenses, and advantages in its fiscal report in 201 1 (Appendix 1 and 2). Huge numbers of the monetary revealing establishments have perceived that there exists vagueness in guidelines achieved in money related detailing. There are impediments in money related announcing and open data divulgence as it is regular practice with organizations to rehearse obligatory and willful open and private revelation of data that is focused at explicit partners of the business (Holland, 1998).

The Baby Boomers Have Squandered Their Children’s Future Free Essays

THE BABY BOOMERS HAVE SQUANDERED THEIR CHILDREN’S FUTURE We ought to shield ourselves from the egotistical disposition of the old. An age that have ‘pulled the stepping stool they scaled after them’, planning to keep youth from achieving the benefits of their own yesteryears. I am painting the image of intergenerational reasonableness †a result of fault and a consistent of culture intended to legitimize the obstructing idea of society today. We will compose a custom article test on The Baby Boomers Have Squandered Their Children’s Future or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now This vociferous case is smothering countries as the longing to arrange a conclusion embeds the division of ages through an unjustified mind-set. The person born after WW2 age filled the gap opened by the injured and dead, provided another workforce and reinforced success, creating consumerist countries. A 1958 story in Life magazine announced that â€Å"kids† were a â€Å"built-in downturn fix. † Whilst the a huge number of men who returned fruitless are denied examination, in spite of declining fruitfulness rates, helping a maturing age and contributing a humble add up to society. To annihilate the pure past is the memory of apportioning, utility dress, national assistance and occasions, for example, the Vietnam war. Will lessening assets, obligation or the enevitable issues of over populace truly be put on these elders’ shoulders? Particularly as, since October those more than 65 are permitted to stay in occupations, so state dependence previously is liberated from their impact, simply poor government expectation. Restriction at that point express expressions of hindered development. Anyway the work showcase is dynamic, not static †develop laborers keep on making good on charges, fuelling the riches that will grow business, giving those chances to the youthful. In the UK college participation has expanded by 40%, the education rate is 99%, the lowest pay permitted by law will increment to ? . 31, we face higher future, and more noteworthy fortune as riches is required to twofold by 2050. Is this plan so impeding or terminal? Since when has spending equalled waste? It only animates the money related pattern of the economy. The finish of the post war financial blast, showed up from the breakdown of the Bretton Woods System in 1971,the 1973 oil emergency and The Nixon stun causing the securities exchange crash. It is the conventional traditionalist government that currently advances that every age has an ethical commitment, going about as a trustee and recipient, moving consideration towards pitiful social issues. However, western culture isn't required to assess through ethnicity, sex or sexual direction as it will in general mutilate originations, this can be applied to age. Consider that one single gathering, condition or recorded occasion has ever been exclusively to fault. There is consistently a group of obligations and activities, consequently to trouble the infant boomer’s would be guileless and immature. An ideological fixation has shaped causing the proliferation of each and every disparity and shamefulness between ages. A western, taught, present day society making a decision about midpoints, trashing the older instead of adjusting and expanding change. Instructions to refer to The Baby Boomers Have Squandered Their Children’s Future, Papers

Resolving The Pure Enantiomers Of Phenylethylamine Environmental Sciences Essay

The aim of this exploration lab was to choose the unadulterated enantiomorphs of (  ± ) - ?- phenylethylamine ( racemic ) blend, by separating their diasteriomeric determined capacities using ( + ) - tartaric corrosive. The contrasting enantiomorphs structure various salts with acids. Two atoms that are enantiomorphs have about undefined physical and compound belongingss in spite of the fact that this might be valid, the salts that are shaped after the response with corrosive have discernable belongingss. A few salts are less solvent [ ( + ) ( †) ] than others, and henceforth take shape from the blend in an about unadulterated stereoisomeric signifier. While using NaOH as a solid base to deal with the salt, it considers the disconnection of the enantiomorph ( Lab Manual, 2007 ) . Polarimetry is a typical technique used to isolate between enantiomorphs, in light of their capacity to spin the plane of captivated noticeable radiation in inverse waies ( + and †) . This permit s the perceiver to discover the enantiomeric immaculateness, and consequently the making out of the blend ( Wade, 2007 Compound Chemical response: ( †) - amine ( + ) - amine less solvent salt [ ( †) ( + ) ] : solidifies progressively dissolvable salt [ ( + ) ( + ) ] stays in arrangement 2NaOH+ 2H2O( †) - ?- phenylethylamine ( Lab Manual, 2007 ) System: On the other hand of using a 50 milliliter recepticle to heat up the amine arrangement in, we utilized a 50 milliliter Erlenmyer cup For the rest of the proceduce allude to pg. 18, 22-24 ( Lab Manual, 2007 ) Perceptions: The precious stones were given a 4 hebdomad crystallization period and a while later, the ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine-( + ) - hydrogen tartrate salt was seen to be a white crystalline strong, and the methyl liquor was a crystalline fluid. Two extremely recognizable beds were seeable after the response with the NaOH ( solid base ) and extra of the methylene chloride ( CH2Cl2 ) . The top bed was translucent in some topographic focuses and murky in others, extremely shady, white fluid, while the base bed was crystalline what's more fluid. The specialist blend following the three separate extractions was near straightforward Results: Table 1: Experimental Datas: Multitudes and Optical Rotations Mass Channel Paper 0.58 g Channel Paper + Initial Crystal Sample 8.25 g Recuperated Crystal Sample 7.67 g 50 milliliters Erlenmeyer Flask with 2 bubbling rocks 39.75 g 50 milliliters Erlenmeyer Flask with Amine product and 2 bubbling rocks 42.63 g Amine stock 2.88 g Optical Rotation Explicit Rotation of ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine - 31.8o Table 2: Experimental Raw Given Data Volume of (  ± ) - ?- phenylethylamine 10.0 milliliter Thickness of (  ± ) - ?- phenylethylamine 0.9395 g/mL Atomic Weight of ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine 121.8 g/mol Atomic Weight of ( + ) - tartaric corrosive 150.09 g/mol [ ? ] D ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine - 40.4o  ± 0.2o Table 3: Multitudes, Moles, Optical Purity, and % Output Mass (  ± ) - ?- phenylethylamine 9.40 g Gram atoms (  ± ) - ?- phenylethylamine 0.0776 mol Gram atoms ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine 0.0388 mol Gram atoms of tartaric corrosive: 0.0388 mol Rate Output of ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine-( + ) - hydrogen tartrate 73.1 % Rate Output of ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine 61.3 % Optical Purity 83.7 % Figurings: % Output of ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine-( + ) - hydrogen tartrate: Mass (  ± ) - ?- phenylethylamine Gram atoms (  ± ) - ?- phenylethylamine m (  ± ) - ?- phenylethylamine = thickness ten volume = 0.9395 g/mL X 10 milliliter = 9.40 g N (  ± ) - ?- phenylethylamine = mass/atomic weight = 9.40 g/121.18 g/mol = 0.0776 mol Gram atoms ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine and tartaric corrosive: N ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine = 0.0776 mol/2 = 0.0388 mol *Racemic blend so separated by 2* ( half of whole moles ) N ( + ) - tartaric acerb = N ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine = 0.0388 mol Hypothetical Output of ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine-( + ) - hydrogen tartrate: Real Output of ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine-( + ) - hydrogen tartrate: m ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine-( + ) - hydrogen tartrate = n x M = 0.0388 mol X ( 121.18 g/mol + 150.09 g/mol ) = 10.5 g m ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine-( + ) - hydrogen tartrate = Mass channel paper + starting precious stone example †Mass channel paper = 8.25 g †0.58 g = 7.67 g Rate Output of ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine-( + ) - hydrogen tartrate: % Output = ( Actual Yield/Theoretical Yield ) X 100 % I? Real ( what was acquired after trial ) = ( 7.67 g/10.5 g ) X 100 % I? Hypothetical ( the mass that should hold been = 73.1 % acquired if all aminoalkane was extricated ) % Output of ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine: Hypothetical Output of ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine Genuine Output of ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine Since the underlying blend was racemic: m ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine = m (  ± ) - ?- phenylethylamine/2 = 9.40 g/2 = 4.70 g m ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine = mflask w/amine+ rocks - mflask w/rocks = 39.75 g †42. 63 g = 2.88 g Rate Output of ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine % Output = ( Actual Yield/Theoretical Yield ) X 100 % I? Real ( what was gotten after test ) = ( 2.88 g/4.70 g ) X 100 % I? Hypothetical ( the mass that should hold been = 61.3 % acquired if all aminoalkane was separated Optical Purity of Sample: Hypothetical Optical Purity: Genuine Optical Purity: Optical Purity = - 40.4o  ± 0.2o Explicit Rotation ( [ ? ] D ) : =Optical Rotation [ ? ( watched ) ]/c * 1 = - 31.8o/( 1.0 diabetes mellitus x 0.94 g/mL ) = - 33.8o Optical Purity: = ( Actual optical virtue acquired/hypothetical optical immaculateness ) X 100 % = - 33.8o/ - 40.4o x 100 % = 83.7 % Conversation: When the ( + ) - tartaric corrosive was added to the racemic blend, (  ± ) - ?- phenylethylamine, ( †) - amine-( + ) - hydrogen tartrate, and ( + ) - amine-( + ) - hydrogen tartrate salts were shaped. The ( †) - amine-( + ) - hydrogen tartrate was substantially less solvent in methyl liquor, and thus solidified out of the arrangement ( Lab Manual, 2007 ) . This technique for division was demonstrated to be fairly fruitful, as the per centum yield of this crystallization was 73.1 % , which is similarly high. The nearness of drosss, each piece great as the failure to entirely solidify the salt from methyl liquor most presumably ascribed to any differences. It is other than conceivable that in spite of the fact that the ( †) ( + ) salt is less solvent than different salts, it despite everything has a dissolvability, and subsequently takes shape rather simple ( henceforth the obligatory 2 hebdomad holding up period, in our occasion it was 4 hebdomads ) . As great, differ ent salts, in spite of their high solvency in methyl liquor, may keep despite everything solidified actually to some degree over the long holding up period, adding to drosss Expansion of NaOH brought about the development of two recognizable beds: a white, overcast watery bed ( top ) , and an unmistakable aminoalkane bed ( underside ) , and took into consideration the separation of ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine ( Lab Manual, 2007 ) . The extra of 5 milliliter of H2O to the cup affirm that the top bed was the watery bed, since it expanded near to the base bed and the H2O was consumed here ( Lab Manual, 2007 ) . The fluid bed comprised of the ( †) - amine, alongside Na tartrate, and H2O, while the aminoalkane bed incorporated any drosss. The Na tartrate promptly disintegrated in H2O, while methylene chloride ( CH2Cl2 ) was added to become dim ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine ( breaking point ~ 186oC ) , since it had a lower breaking point ( 40oC ) , and could simple be evacuated through warming ( Synthesis and statement of alpha-phenyethylamine. After a filtration strategy, including a progression of extractions, there was per centum yield of 61.3 % for the ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine, which is a lower yield than the first 73.1 % , bespeaking that there was lost aminoalkane during the second bit of the test procedure. The main source of this slip-up was the unintentional removal of a significant part of the aminoalkane bed, in which a little entirety of ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine was as yet present. The nearness of some drosss may hold other than influenced results, in any case, they would hold on the other hand expanded the yield and lead to beguiling outcomes. Another conceivable reason for botch is the little break out of the glass plug on the separatory channel when the arrangement was shaken. There was a spot of arrangement that spilled out the underside or spurted out the top when given up ofing the power per unit region in the pipe. Therefore, the slip-up that all around brought down the yield of the product extraordinarily expands the optical immaculateness of the blend. The found out rotating movement of the closing example was - 31. 8o ( levorotatory, left manus rotational movement ) and the particular turning movement was - 33.8o contrasted and the experimental explicit revolving movement of - 40.4o  ± 0.2o ( Lab Manual, 2007 ) . The specialist optical virtue was 83.7 % , which is well high. Beside the prior referenced removal of the natural bed, army different mix-ups, for example, the nearness of drosss may hold added to divergences in the optical virtue. The negative ( opposing clockwise ) revolving movement essentially affirmed that the enantiomorph being detached was the ( †) - ?- phenylethylamine, and the high optical immaculateness showed that the extraction was practiced with much achievement and impressive truth, since the finishing up stock was mainly ( †) - amine, in spite of the nearly low yield.

Haydn in Public and Private Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Haydn in Public and Private - Essay Example The crowd were very liberal with their acclaim and consistently when Haydn performs, they got him with praise. Haydn's string groups of four were formed around 1797 and was committed to Hungarian Count Joseph. The six groups of four are the last total set which Haydn created. These groups of four are among Haydns exceptionally goal-oriented chamber works, separating more than earlier groups of four from expected sonata structure, however underlining topical congruity, flawlessly just as constantly passing thought processes from a specific instrument to another (Wright, 26-29). During his visit to London, he delighted in his neighborhood VIP, the turnout at his show, the intermittent supper solicitations, and amazing show receipts. Among the works he performed at shows during his visit to London, were 12 new ensembles, this was the last one Haydn composed. It likewise incorporated the generally known Symphony NO.94 in G Major. This picked up acclaim when the author, while leading, adjusted the elements of the subsequent development. There were hypotheses behind the change. This is because of the truth that, Haydn had recently given the downbeat to start development when the delicate of his music had a comical inclination. This was colossal being that his performers manufactured with the little topic until arriving at his last harmony, whereby Haydn created music with noisy tone carrying the languid benefactor to his feet. Following his melodic and beautiful presentation at each show, the four development ensemble follows a structure that was, at that point, despite everything thinking about novel: everything started with an exuberant development that offers a few exceptional and differentiating songs, the second continues at a delicate pace, and the third was move seasoned. This takes after the mainstream minuet. The last development was breathtaking carrying the music to its peak went with vigorous end. Generally, every show was given and gone to restless expectations, the principal melodic virtuoso during that rule was

Management Science The Definitive Guide

Management Science â€" The Definitive Guide Management is a core function of every business and a number of theories try to explain how the processes of management can be best utilized to help the organization to succeed. Management science is one such approach and in this guide, we’ll explore the history of this approach.We’ll explain the definition and core elements of the style, as well as compare the benefits and disadvantages of implementing this strategy.Finally, we’ll look into the different ways it has been applied in the past and the steps you need to take to implement it in your organization. THE HISTORY OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCEManagement science has an interesting history and the approach has evolved over the years to its current concept, which we’ll explore further in the next section. The roots of management science can be found in a concept of operations research, which was a system developed during World War II. The War, like other wars before and after it, involved plenty of operations outside of the traditional fighting on the battlefield. Warfare changed from the First World War and scientists from different fields were part of the effort to gain the upper hand on both sides of the war.Operation research or operational research saw the scientists trying to apply analytical methods in order to enhance the decision-making processes. The approach was highly used by the Allied forces, with Britain engaging nearly 1,000 men and women in operation research during the war. The basis of operation research was on different mathematical models, which were used to make predic tions that would improve military operations.One example of the operation research use was the application of ‘effectiveness ratios’, which compared the flying hours of Allied planes with enemy U-boat sightings in a given area. By studying these numbers, the military was able to distribute the planes to productive patrol areas and map out enemy positions more efficiently.After the war, the operation research model became implemented in the corporate sector. As businesses and other organizations begun using analytical research as part of the decision-making process, the term management science was coined. In 1967, Stafford Beer said the field of management science is essentially “the business use of operations research”.At this initial stage, management science involved around the application of different scientific methods and findings in order to solve management problems and streamline the processes of management. The broad approach meant the system used operation research , system analysis as well as the study of management-information systems as part of the implementation. Since then, the definition and scope of management science has become more defined.THE CORE CONCEPTS OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCENow that we’ve looked into the history of management science, we can move on to exploring the current definition of the practice together with its core concepts.The definition of management scienceAccording to Lancaster University, management science can be defined as a concept that is “concerned with developing and applying models and concepts that help to illuminate issues and solve managerial problems”. The approach is essentially interested in looking at an organization and finding ways it can manage itself better and improve its productivity.The core aim of the approach is to use scientific concepts and methods in order to solve management-related issues. It does this by focusing on analyzing different management approaches, comparing them with exist ing possibilities and offering possible outcomes of which the organization can pick to improve productivity.While management science is mainly a mathematical approach to solving problems, the application of it requires the examination of different fields. Management science uses analytical data, statistics and methods for increasing efficiency of management systems and it finds the tools from fields like:EconomicsBusiness AdministrationPsychologySociologyMathematicsThe key to management science is the visualization of management as a logical action. Since the approach views management through this lens, it means the process can be quantified and described with the help of symbols, measurements and relationships. The approach basis its theory on the decision theory approach and rational decision-making models and it can provide organizations with a model that helps identify goals and the roadmap for achieving them.Management science makes a few general assumptions of management, whic h are the basis for its framework. The assumptions are:Management is a problem-solving mechanism, which can be boosted by mathematical tools and techniques.Problems in management can be quantified and described in mathematical terms. This includes areas such as system analysis, but also human behavior.Managerial problems can best be resolved through mathematical tools, simulations and models.If you’re interested in the future of management science, then watch the video of Andrew McAfee discussing the possibilities future improvements in Information Technology can provide to management science. The four core areas of researchThe management science approach relies on four core areas of research. These four are the steps an organization must take in order to properly implement management science and they are the four core elements defining the system.The first one is about discovering, developing, defining, and evaluating the goals and policies that lead to these objectives. This req uires the organization to examine the goals it has set, the goals it could set and the current and possible methods and processes it could use in order to achieve them. This is about the initial step of understanding what the company wants to do, what the company is doing, and what the company could be doing.The second core element is about ensuring the organization adopts those policies. Once the processes and policies have been chosen from the selection of options, science management requires the company to enforce them. This might require additional policy decisions and changes in the way the organization operates, but the key is to implement the processes as identified during the initial phase.After the policies are being implemented, management science calls for scrutinizing the effectiveness of the policies. Management science doesn’t just provide the tools for making better decisions and streamlining the management procedures within the organization. It can also help with m onitoring of the viability of these approaches and decisions.Finally, the fourth element is about initiating changes to the policies in case they are found ineffective. If the processes are not working as intended and the organization is not achieving the predicted outcomes, management science provides the framework for figuring out the failing parts. The analytical approach doesn’t just measure how things might be, but it can help identify why certain outcomes weren’t achieved. This will help make changes on the go and shift the focus to the processes that will guarantee the achievement of the objectives.In the final section, we’ll return to examining how the above can be implemented in the most effective manner.THE BENEFITS OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCEWhen it comes to the benefits of implementing a management science approach, organizations can expect a number of advantages. Management science can reduce the overall efficiency of the organization and make decision-making easier and more defined.The broad advantage of the approach is its ability to design measures that can be used to identify and evaluate the effectiveness of the processes currently in use. Management science looks at the current situation and compares it with other possibilities, creating measurable predictions.The analysis of processes and decision-making can help the organization identify the problem areas, as well as the systems that are already working efficiently. The identification of these will guarantee the organization is using processes and decision-making approaches that provide the best results in terms of the achieving the organizations objectives.Furthermore, the management science approach can help more specifically in the following core areas of any business:Planning â€" The management science approach can be used in the planning because it identifies and predicts the results of certain processes. The approach makes it easier to understand the future needs of the organization based on the current and future models, as well as the objectives the organization is looking to fulfill.Organizing â€" Creating systems that efficiently focus on the specifically defined processes and tasks. Furthermore, it makes it easier to direct resources to their right places.Leading and controlling operations â€" Since the approach focuses on management, it can boost the way the organization leads. It can help individual managers focus on the most important aspects of the organization and improve their decision-making skills.Efficiency in the following core areas of business will provide boosts in productivity, industrial peace and enhance the organizations ability to specialize its products and services. Productivity results from the efficiency in planning, organizing and leading, as the processes are streamlined and different parts of the organization focus on the areas that maximize their efficiency.Furthermore, the higher productivity can result in increased wages as well , since the organization doesn’t need to worry about time-wasting and inefficient workforce. As wages improve, employee motivation is likely to improve, creating a system of reinforced productivity.In terms of industrial peace, management science enforces better co-operation between the management and the labor. The enhanced processes create an environment of clarity in the workplace and provide more security to the workforce in terms of knowing their position and the health and safety of the employee. If relations between the management and the labor are harmonious and built on trust and respect, industrial disputes are less likely to take place.Employee motivation and productivity are also boosted through the safer work environment, as alluded above. The approach identifies the most efficient and the safest ways to produce products and services. This can have a meaningful impact on the working conditions and thus increase industrial peace further.Specialization is improved throu gh enhanced understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of the organization. Management science helps identify the processes, which work, notice the areas of weakness, and realize the future possibilities and needs of the organizations consumer base. The approach makes the utilization of resources easier, since the framework can notice the availability of resources and the proper use of them.As the above shows, management science can be beneficial for the organization by improving the way it operates, but also guaranteeing better relations between the different stakeholders. With improved efficiency, productivity will increase and further create a situation for higher profits.Here is a great talk of how data will transform businesses. THE DISADVANTAGES OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCEWhat about the downside to management science? Despite the above advantages, certain drawbacks need to be taken into account before an organization starts using the approach. The disadvantages should be taken se riously, even though many of these drawbacks can be limited and controlled with proper implementation and planning.Management science controls the decision-making process within the organization. Decisions are made based on the findings of the framework, using analysis of different factors and implementing a variety of methodologies. This can lead to reduced employee-involvement in decision-making, as the process is not controlled by discussion and opinion, but focus is on numbers and scientific predictions.In its essence, management science supports a top-down decision-making process. If you read management expert opinions, many champion the opposite to the traditional top-down approach. Author Peter Diamandis is among the proponents of collective decision-making, stating, “collective management will build companies â€" not top-down decision-making”.The problem with transferring the decision-making completely away from employee input is how it creates situations where people fe el disengaged. Since you don’t have any voice, you can more easily feel uncomfortable with the decisions. Even if you wouldn’t get your way with the decisions, the ability to influence or discuss the decision can be enough to make you feel more engaged.Management science also requires an understanding of the process, which is something the employee doesn’t necessarily have. The employees might not have a good grasp of how the decisions were made and the justification behind the conclusion, which can make the management’s approach seem further disengaging and confusing.The framework also looks at individual components and therefore breaks down the tasks into smaller objectives. This can create fragmentation throughout the organization, which can have a few defining impacts. First, the fragmentation of objectives means each employee is closely associated with a single unit of action. In short, employees have a task and the instructions on how to do it.The employee just needs t o fulfill the objective and the task is done. Since each person is in charge of their own objective, tasks don’t have much spill over. This can lead to a situation where teamwork is non-existent. Employees are only focused on the specific tasks they’ve been given, without the need to discuss or co-operate with others. While this might suit certain types of employees, others might find it disengaging again. The second problem of fragmentation follows directly from the lack of teamwork.If team-building and co-operation are diminished, creativity within the organization can suffer. People don’t communicate with each other in the same way, creating a system where the team starts relying on the feedback from the management science framework. Ideas are not thrown around, but rather people wait for the management science framework to come up with the best approaches.The above points deal with the disadvantages in terms of employee engagement and creativity. But management science can have a few drawbacks on a more practical, operational sense as well. First, the approach generalizes that things can be quantified. For the model to work and make effective predictions, things should be quantifiable and easily measured. If they are, then mathematical calculations will work accurately and the outcomes can be analyzed with care.But certain issues and problems won’t be easily quantified or standardized. For example, while resources and equipment can be standardized, human behavior is much harder to generalize, as certain people can perform well in specific conditions in which someone else might fail. Therefore, by creating artificial generalization and standardization, the management will reduce the effectiveness of the predictions. If the set of processes analyzed is not correctly quantified, the outcomes might not be the most accurate. In effect, this means the resulting decisions might not yield the optimum results.In addition to the above, management science has a problem with scaling. Since the framework requires plenty of data and the data has to be as accurate as possible, the implementation process can be much easier for smaller organizations. Creating a process for data collection, analysis and prediction is easier when you have only a limited number of data available with a small organization. The process can be easier to establish and the results can be faster to achieve since analyzing won’t take forever. On the other hand, the cost of establishing an efficient management science system can be high and the expensive element of the framework can make it unattractive for smaller firms.Watch this interesting case study on how management science could be applied to understanding mobile users (warning: only for super nerds like me) APPLICATION OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCEManagement science has a number of benefits, which has meant that different fields have started using it to enhance operational and managerial efficiency. Since its early st art as part of a core approach to the military, the application has found its way to industries as varied as medical, political, public administration and business. Management science has provided solutions and identified deeper insights into the industries in a number of ways. The following examples are among the best examples of how management science can be applied in a meaningful manner:The airline industry has used management science to create the scheduling systems for airlines. This has created the system for ensuring the planes are utilized more efficiently, together with guaranteeing the crew is rotated in the most efficient way.A number of information systems currently in use by organizations are a result of management science. The approach has been used to identify and understand the correct information system strategies.Public administrations have also used management science to identify the flow of water from water reservoirs. The process identifies the most efficient r outes and cost-effective ways to manage the flow.As the examples show, there are different ways to utilize management science. The application of the framework helps organizations create enhanced efficiency in areas such as cost, production and the level of service by solving the different managerial problems.In terms of applying management science in business, there is a six-step formula for making the most of it. The steps will help streamline business operations and create a process-based environment for the organization. Source and Copyrights: World Health Organisation website1. Identifying business processes in useThe organization must first identify the different management processes it currently has in place. By identifying each process, it’s also possible to notice the strengths and weaknesses of the individual management operation.For example, you’ll identify all the management teams and understand its positive impact on the workforce. As you identify the processes, you’ll start noticing the patterns of management and the specific aspects that require changing or tweaking.2. Analyze the individual processesAs you’ve identified the problem areas, as well as the management processes that are working effectively, you can start using management science to modify the process. By implementing the analytical approach, you will notice which processes need scaling, implementation or adjustment.This step is the key part of management science; it is about diagnosis and the identification of the sol ution. In some instances, it can even help with creating systems that prevent future problems.3. Redesign the processesWith the analysis done, the focus should move to identifying the right process for achieving the right results. Management science tends to present a number of solutions and predictions, which means the organization has to identify the most effective processes for its needs.4. Ensure the right resources are in place to improve the processesOnce you’ve identified the processes and the solutions to the management problems, you need to ensure the organization has the right resources at hand. Redesigning of the processes might require additional resources, either in terms of money or labor. Ensure the appropriate amount and type of resources is identifying to guarantee the newly established processes work as planned.5. Implement the identified processesThe fifth step is about implementation of the above processes. As mentioned in the section about the disadvantages of management science, the system can easily cause fragmentation if the organization is not careful.Therefore, at this step, you must ensure there’s a community wide buy-in and proper information available for people to understand the changes, the reasoning behind them, as well as the new processes themselves.6. Review and analyze the effectiveness of the new processesFinally, the implemented processes require constant analysis and review. Management science will provide answers and prediction, but just like any other approach to management, it’s not a magic pill to fix everything.Therefore, you must make sure you continue to collect data and analyze the effectiveness of the processes in place. Only this will guarantee they are working as intended and will provide the organization better chances of tweaking the approach as you go.THE BOTTOM LINEManagement science is a logical and analytical approach to management and how it impacts an organization. The approach has been used in a variety of industries since its inception during World War II. By using the approach, an organization is able to identify different management processes and whether they are working as efficiently as they could.It can provide new ways to approach management issues and it helps streamline the decision-making process by creating models the organization can use. While management science can provide plenty of benefits in terms of improvements in productivity and cutting costs, the implementation can also have drawbacks on the workplace.Employee satisfaction can suffer and the organization has to deal with the fragmentation of processes. The approach is not a quick remedy for solving issues, but when it is applied correctly, the results can lead to success.

Summary of Cleary Haley and Sarah Vidal’s Article - 550 Words

Summary of Cleary Haley and Sarah Vidal's Article (Essay Sample) Content: Summary of Cleary Haley and Sarah Vidalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Article Studentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Name Institutional Affiliation Introduction Based on the Supreme Court decision made in 1966 by the U.S, the amendment by law demands that all suspects in police custody must be given prior advice to avoid self-incrimination due to lack of adequate IQ. The article published by Cleary and Vidal has tried to address the issue of juvenile interrogation by featuring on Miranda rights. Literature Review Notably, the majority of the recent research that incorporates the use of self-report and experimental designs highlights the vulnerability of young people inside the interrogation rooms. These studies focus on the comprehension of the basic constituents of the Miranda warnings as well as the predispositions that waive rights during the unavailability of legal counsel. Moreover, researches on the way the police present the Miranda warnings insinuate that huge variance dominates the locality of jurisdiction since the templates are impracticable. In such a way, dismissing the building blocks of Miranda provides insights of the data concerning the degree of Miranda dominance in live interrogations. Method Essentially, juvenile suspects included 25 men and 3 women. Their age bracket was between 13 to17 years. Firstly, the approach involved the presumed identification of states, the jurisdictions, and departments that recorded data from juvenile interviews put by the state law as a requirement. The research encompassed electronic recording in 13 states. The total number of police departments volunteering into the study was 3,230. On one hand, the mailing of the agencies sent information regarding inter-agency participation. Later on, the data derived from delivery and comprehension of the longitudinal study was coded using Observer XT program. In correspondence, the software program used the transcribed recordings of the police to code the Miranda readability. Lastly, training of coders commenced in accordance with the coding protocol since the reliability of the data involved the employment of matrices to acquire solutions Results In particular, most young people were facing interrogation relating to an individual offense. In this connection, only 11 cases interrogated by police officers involved the administration of Miranda shortly after delaying to ask questions related to booking. Exceptionally, 7% of Miranda cases attracted to police officers who implemented a strategy to dismiss the warnings in a bureaucratic manner. The coding paid attention to the immediate administration of Miranda rights focusing on its delay to foster a built rapport. Finally, only 4% of the cases accused one officerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s attempt to administer Miranda firstly by building rapport with the background of lessening difficulty of juvenile conversation. Discussion The results acquired indicate that the rate at which juveniles waive Miranda rights is high. Notab...

Management perspectives and Future Strategies Free Essay Example, 4000 words

Later on, although they have increased the price but the value of service and corporate social responsibility with eco-friendly approach helped them a lot to retain their entire customer base. 4. Overview of Business Strategy of ‘The Body Shop’: If one analyze the business strategy of Body Shop it is very clear that the company is largely dependent on the Blue Ocean strategy. In fact they are the first one to use this concept in the field of cosmetic industry. The Business strategy of the company is more or less divided into three key segments and these are: following proper ethical approach, developing unique products to reach out to more number of customers and catch the untapped markets or niche markets and concentrating on after sales services and customer satisfactions. (Body Shop: UK) If one consider the value innovation part then it is very clear that The Body Shop is rely on its unmatched price and uncompromised quality to serve all kinds of customers across the segments. Roddick, the co-founder of the company has mentioned that as an organization, the Body Shop able to develop a specific market and a particular segment of customers who like CSR and values mentioned by the company. We will write a custom essay sampl e on Management perspectives and Future Strategies or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now No other organization can offer such service or values to the customers for that same price like The Body Shop. (Charter and Polanski, 294) His statement can be considered as a key evidence of their value creation. Likewise, to reduce the cost of their product, the company decided not to use extensive advertisement campaign or any well-known brand ambassador to promote their product. As a matter of fact, without their aggressive promotional strategies they are able to spend 20 years in the market having a distinct customer base and being a well-known brand in the field of cosmetics industry. Kaplan (1995) in his review has mentioned that â€Å"The Body Shop, without "advertising, " has managed since 1976 to achieve high visibility for its products andcorporate identity through effective manipulation of news organizations that keep thecorporation in the news† (Kaplan, 51). But as the time moves on, the company has started to face tough challen ges from other players in the market who started to copy the business model adopted by them so successfully. Various new companies such as Bath and Body Works, Origins, and Lush presented the same ideas and started to capture the market once occupied by The Body Shop. Bath and Body works was the main competitors the Body Shop as they also started to present natural beauty products in the same market.

The Explosive Growth Of E Commerce - 1732 Words

The table below is the U.S. Census Bureaus reports a sharp increase in the retail E-commerce sales as a percent of total quarterly retail sales since the first quarter of 2006 to the last quarter of 2015. E-commerce sales in 2015 accounted for 7.3 percent of total sales, which is 0.9 percent higher than what it accounted in 2014. The explosive growth of E-commerce transactions greatly affects the revenue of sales taxes and has made whether to levy taxes on Internet sales a hot debate. From the consumers’, online retailers’, and technology companies’ position, imposing sales tax on Internet sales will somehow limit the growth of both E-commerce and the Internet usage. From the side of brick-and-mortar retailers and the government body, tax†¦show more content†¦The total revenue loss from e-commerce equals the total sales due to the Internet sales minus the amount of use taxes collected. However, a latest or cumulated loss from Internet sale occurs only wh en the tax on the transaction would have been collected without e-commerce. The final sales tax revenue loss should be the combination of these two factors. B2B transaction usually plays a significant role to the state and local government loss. For instance, in 2003, it was responsible for 70% of the expected incremental revenue loss, while B2C sales were responsible for the rest 30% (William). Other Factors that would lead to sales tax revenue loss Although E-commerce is the biggest factor that leads to a sale tax revenue loss, it is not the only reason. The shift of consumption patterns is the second foremost factors. With the shift to a greater consumption to the services and less consumption to the goods, the sales tax revenue will also be negatively affected, since the service are less taxed comparing with goods. As a result, the taxable goods purchase in Georgia fell by 8.2% in 2014, which is estimated to cost the state $389 million lost of sale tax revenue (Richards). The legislated exemptions will also narrow the tax base that will cause a decrease in the revenue. The switch from having sales tax on automobile purchase to the Title Ad Valorem Tax, the exemption of energy used for manufacturing and two sales tax holidays lead to 31% down Georgia’s

Megalodon vs. Leviathan - Who Wins

Just A Thought Piper Cameron Lee - 2280 Words

Just a Thought I always think about Piper Cameron Lee, the most beautiful girl in the world. Everyday when I see her in the hallway, it s as if I need to stop whatever I m doing and stare at her. Those couple times she looks back at me, my stomach twists and turns and is filled with desire for Piper. Her gorgeous, silky blonde hair flows side to side when she walks. When she struts past me, I can smell the sweet aroma of her perfume. I love listening to the way she talks and giggles. Piper is the girl of my dreams. I want to ask her to be my girlfriend because I believe that we would be the best couple of Whitney High School. Or even the best couple in all of California. Logan, catch the football! I faintly hear my father scream. Wha-what? I quietly muttered snapping out of my daydream. Next thing I know, a football comes spiraling towards my lower ribs at a thousand miles per hour. Having the air knocked out of me, I froze in my half-standing position until oxygen reached my lungs. My dad rushes over to me almost tripping over himself. I lay down on the grass in my backyard, clutching my aching upper abdomens. Dad, didn t you see that I wasn t paying attention? I say, straining to speak. I m sorry, Logan but what s wrong, you never zone out while we re playing football! Is there something on your mind or something that s bothering you? He questions me. Uh-um, no dad it s nothing. Sorry, let s just get back to the game, I lied. I didn t want toShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Piper Cameron Lee The Girl Of My Dreams 2279 Words   |  10 PagesI always think about Piper Cameron Lee, the most beautiful girl in the world. Everyday when I see her in the hallway, it s as if I need to stop whatever I m doing and stare at her. Those couple times she looks back at me, my stomach twists and turns and is filled with desire for Piper. Her gorgeous, silky blonde hair flows side to side when she walks. When she struts past me, I can smell the sweet aroma of her perfume. I love listening to the way she talks and giggles. Piper is the girl of my dreams

Comparison of Judaism and Mormonism Free Essays

The reason I mentioned Jesus is because the Mormonism faith believe in the Godhead that is God the Father, God the Son (Jesus), and God the Holy Spirit. See this is where the two religions split on their beliefs of God. As I wrote before that they both believe in God the Father but when they added on the Son and Holy Spirit Judaism would never accept that. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison of Judaism and Mormonism or any similar topic only for you Order Now From my researching of the two religions I came to only a few conclusions about what would happen from the facts I read if they were to get together. Mormons hold up those of Jewish decent and their religion on high. From what I read is that since Mormonism historical background starts therewith Judaism that they would accept their teachings to a certain extent. The only thing that I see the people of Mormonism having a problem with is that the people of Judaism do not believe in Jesus. I think that Mormonism probably could let someone of the Judaism faith pray for them or with them because I read in the book Mormon America they encourage many different religions but believe somewhere down the line lost some facts of the truth that Mormonism still believes an addresses. From those facts that got lost I believe that the Mormon would not accept either the belief that God is a spirit as of someone who is a believer of Judaism. The charastics that I wrote about even involves their everyday way of living. Judaism as I wrote before they believe that the name of God should not be spoken by any men, women, or child. They pray to God three times a day and four times on Saturday which is considered their Sabbath. When it comes down to the Tanakhthey try to follow the teachings of the Law that God gave to Moses. That law that Judaism follow controls every aspect of their everyday life in they must obey or it would be displeasing to God. Also by the time childhits manhood if they have an able mind must remember all five books of the Pentateuch which is the first five books Moses wrote. As for Mormonism their belief on family in that once a family on earth will be a family in the afterlife has also instituted a very strong social welfare system to help their families. In The Book of Mormon they are taught about heath living and incorporating with what they are taught they give up a lot of unhealthy thing sure as cigarettes, alcohol, and sometimes meat. But they mainly focus on eating foods like vegetables, fruits, and grain. Also children of the Mormonism faith are trained and brought up at a very young age in preaching the word of their faith Like all religious faiths, there will be some similarities and a lot more differences. Judaism and Mormonism are no different. In conducting my research I found so many things about the religions of Judaism and Mormonism interesting. I think that the way that Mormonism was founded was the most interesting thing. It is always so amazing to get the chance to not only do research on different religions but also to get to know more about them and how different they may be from what I personally believe. References Bowker John. World Religions. The great Faiths Explored Explained. New York, NY: DK Publishing, 2006. How to cite Comparison of Judaism and Mormonism, Papers

Accounting for Corporate Finance - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theAccounting for Corporate Finance. Answer: Introduction Financial statement helps to determines the key facts and figure of the company financial statement. Balance sheet, cash flow statement and income statement are the three primary financial statements which company prepare and publish at the end of each accounting year. The financial statement is also known as the company annual report. The financial report prepares and published by the organization at the end of each accounting year helps several users to get the exact ide about the company financial health for the current year and thus help the users to prepare a strategy whether to invest or not on the company to evaluate the company overall ability to perform for the coming year. Financial statement analysis helps the company to determine the overall identification of the given items for the given annual report of the company for the given fiscal period. The trends lines related to the key items included in the financial statement overall a multiple time frame which help to throw light on the company ability or performance (Appannaiah, Reddy and Putty, 2010). The trend line helps to throw light on the company revenues, gross margin, net profit cash and other key facts which are responsible for the company financial growth or debacles. The financial statement helps to provide detailed information about the company financial position in the market and thus help the company to get a clear idea about the current issues and loopholes lies in the company and spate measure need to be taken to accomplish the goal and objective of the company. The financial statement analysis consists of the three basic elements which include income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow statement. Users of Financial Statement Analysis The users of the financial statement are many with a common goal or aim to determine and identify the company financial health which eventually helps to them to take effective decision regarding company. The users are as follows, Creditors : Creditor are the individuals who lent fund to a firm with a motive to get a return levied with interest, therefore the company cash flows measure is determined in order to get a clear idea about the company ability to pay back its borrowed fund. Investors: Investors are the individuals who are both new and prospective investor asses the financial statement which help them to provide an idea about the company ability to continue providing dividends or to generate capital flow or to grow as per the past year financial performances (Britton and Waterston, 2013). Management: the firm controller generates and prepare several analyses on the annual report prepared and released at the end of each accounting year which are related to the performance metrics which are not authorized to external stakeholders or users. Methods of theFinancial Statements The two methods that are used in the analysis of the financial statements are vertical and horizontal analysis. The horizontal analysis shows the comparison of the financial information during a period of time and vertical analysis is the refer to the proportional analysis of the financial statement in which the items are listed in percentage. It means that the items in the income statement are depicted as the percentage of the gross sales and items on the financial position statement are depicted as percentage of the total assets (Helbk, Lindset and McLellan, 2010). The horizontal analysis shows the results on the multiple periods of time and the vertical analysis shows the proportion of the accounts within a single time period. The second method to analyse the financial statements is estimating the financial ratios. The ratios are used to estimate the value of one number in comparison to another. The ratios can be compared with the ratios calculated in the previous year which based on the industry average. Most of the financial ratios would be within expectations in the typical financial statement analysis with minimum issues attracting the attentions of the users. The financial ratios are as follows: Liquidity Ratios The liquidity ratios help to determine and examine the ability of the corporation to pay the all the liabilities. It consists of most significant ratio which help to estimate the financial health of the organization. Current ratio: The current ratio measures the ability of the corporation to pay the short term obligations. The ratio below one indicates that it will be difficult for the corporation to pay the obligations and the ratio above one implies that the company is not efficiently using its assets resources (Parrino, 2015). Quick ratio: The quick ratio is same as current ratio but it does not count inventory. Debt to equity ratio: Debt to equity ratio shows the debt level of the company. The increase in the value of the ratio means the high level of debt and low value means decrease in the value debt level. Profitability ratios: The profitability ratios show how well the organization can generate the profit. Profit margin: The increase in the value of the profit means increase in the profitability and decrease in the value means decrease in the profitability. Gross profit margin: The gross profit margin depicts the sales revenues deducted from cost of goods sold which shows the gross profit of the organization. Return on equity: The return on equity ratio shows the ability of the company to generate returns from the shareholders funds. Return on the assets: The return on the assets resources shows the ability of the organization to utilize all the asset resources. The high value means the company utilizing the asset resources. Return on the operating assets: The return on the operating assets shows the ability of the company to generate returns from the business operations. The increase in the value means the company is generating returns from the business operations. Activity ratios: The activity ratio shows the efficiency of the organization during a specific period of time. Account payable ratio: The ratio shows how much time the company is taking to pay the suppliers. Account receivable ratio: The ratio shows how much time the organization is taking to collect all the due amounts (Powers and Needles, 2012). Fixed turnover ratio: The ratio shows the ability of the company to generate returns from the fixed assets. Inventory turnover ratio: The inventory turnover ratio shows that the inventory is required to support the sales of the products. Issues with the Financial Statement Analysis The financial statement analyse is a significant tool and there are many issue that can interfere in the interpretation of the financial results. The issues are as follows: Comparability between the periods: The organizations preparing the financial statements can change accounts in which the financial information is stored. This can lead to the different in the in the results from one period to another. Comparability between the organizations. The analysts compare the financial ratios of different organizations to determine the values of the company. However, each organization can aggregate the financial statement information differently and the results of the ratio many not be compared appropriately. Elements of Financial Statements Balance sheet helps the company to provide an accurate value of the company assets and liability for the current fiscal year. The balance sheet helps the organization to determine the key facts and figure related to the several significant issues lies in the company overall working condition and thus help to find the issues which obstruct the overall growth of the organization from the asset and liability side. The financial position statement of the company helps to throw light on the solvency and liquidity aspect of the company which help to determine the ability of the company to pay off their liability with the available resources. Short term liability and current liability of the company is determined by the current ratio and quick ratio provides significant information about the companys ability to debt and equity differences. Balance sheet helps to provide company key ability to pay off their debt as per the calculated balance sheet ratio which include the company current rati o, debt to equity ratio, quick ratio and financial leverage (Weil, 2017). The company key ratio helps to examine the company financial strength and weakness and thus help the organization to prepare a strategy to overcome the key issues determined from the company financial statement. Balance sheet of the company help to analyses the account payable, account receivable, asset turnover ratio, debt equity ratio, financial leverage ratio etc. which help the company to determined and identify the key loopholes and issues resides in the company and thus help to utilize the resources fully which eventually have fruitful impact on the company financial profit part. Balance sheet of the company helps to provide a clear understanding of the key facts and figure related to the asset or resource utilization in the most appropriate way. Income Statement Income statement is considered to be financial statement primary element which helps to throw light on the company profit or loss incurred for the given fiscal year. Income statement is the statement which helps to determine the expense incurred or expense done during the accounting period. The company income statement consists of the income and expense incurred for the given fiscal year. The income statement helps to estimate the key financial ratio which helps to provide clear and precise idea about the company financial growth for the given fiscal year. The company depreciation expense is measure with the help of the profit and loss statement. The key financial ratio which is calculated with the help of the profit and loss statement are gross profit margin, earning per share, profit margin, return on stockholders equity and times interest earned which is calculated after tax. Gross profit margin helps to throw light on the percentage of sales which is available for expense and pro fit after the overall cost of the product is deducted from the sales. The gross profit margin differs between the companies with the same segment operating. The incomes statement helps to throw light on the organization key facts and figure which is determined the company ability to earn profit for the given fiscal year. Cash Flow Statement Cash flow statement is the differences between the cash inflow and cash outflow for the given fiscal year. The three basic activities of the cash flow statement are investing activities, operating activities, and financing activities. The cash flows from operating activities is the net incomes which is deducted with the expense incurred from the depreciation, increase in the account receivable, decrease in the inventory and decrease due to the account payables. Finally the cash left is the cash provided or used in the operating activities is calculated. Cash flow from the investing activities consist of the cash expenditure which is added with the proceed from the sale of property (if any), the cash calculated by deducting the above with the later provide the cash provided by the investing activities. The cash flow from the financing activities is considered to be vital as it is calculated based on the burrowing of long term debt which is deducted with the two other element which are cash dividends and purchase of the treasury stock which give the cash provided by the financial activities (Parrino, 2015). The cash flow of the statement helps to determine and identify the cash inflow and outflow for the given fiscal year. References Appannaiah, H., Reddy, P. and Putty, R. (2010).Financial accounting. Mumbai [India]: Himalaya Pub. House. Britton, A. and Waterston, C. (2013).Financial accounting. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Helbk, M., Lindset, S. and McLellan, B. (2010).Corporate finance. Maidenhead, Berkshire: Open University Press/McGraw-Hill Education. Parrino, R. (2015).Corporate Finance. Singapore: John Wiley Sons. Powers, M. and Needles, B. (2012).Financial accounting. [Mason]: South-Western, Cengage Learning. Weil, R. (2017).Financial accounting. [Place of publication not identified]: Cengage Learning.

Survey of Intelligent Computing in Medical and Health Care

Question: Contrast the terms confidentiality, privacy, and security. Identify threats to the security of health information. Describe the primary components of the security provision of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act and extensions by HITECH ACT. Describe the roles and responsibilities of the health information technician with regards to information security? Answer: Confidentiality, privacy, and security Confidentiality is the ability that the person has in order to control the release of the personal health information to the person who provides the care. It also involves the information custodians that are under an agreement which have a limitation on the further release of the information (HATA NAKAJIMA, 2014). Whereas privacy is the desire of the person in order to control the revelation of the information related to the health of the person. The security is called the protection of the confidentiality and privacy that are followed through the policies, procedures and safeguards Today, the information system in the health care has many possible benefits like to improve the quality of care, to reduce the medical errors, availability as well as accessibility of information (Li Frmlohner, 2005). But there are certain risks that are there in the Healthcare Information Systems (HIS) which have considerably amplified in recent years. It was found that the name of the patients was exposed through data breaches. Thus the storing of information related to health in the electronic form raises concern about health of patient, privacy as well as safety. HIS are endangered by both accidental events and deliberate actions threats that can sternly harm reliability of health information systems and consequently can discourage the professionals in future (van Laere Aggestam, 2015). The primary components of HITECH ACT are to promote health information technology by improving the quality of the health care, safety as well as efficiency, and to act as a platform for exchange of health information. More over it deals with the provisions for privacy and security of the information related to the patients. The roles of the health information technicians is to acquire, maintain, analyses and protect the information related to the health of the patient as well as information related to the care of the patients (Zhang, H., Mehotra, S., Liebovitz, D., Gunter, C., Malin, B., 2013). They do not collect the information rather they keep the information up to date as submitted by the doctor and the patients. They must keep the data safe as it contains important care procedure which if altered can cause serious damage to the people. References HATA, Y., NAKAJIMA, H. (2014). A Survey of Intelligent Computing in Medical and Health Care System. IEICE Transactions On Information And Systems, E97.D(9), 2218-2225. doi:10.1587/transinf.2013lop0005 Li, Z., Frmlohner, K. (2005). Database for supporting engineers and innovators on the basis of a CD-ROM infor-mation system for aging processes. Gerontechnology, 3(4). doi:10.4017/gt.2005.03.04.110.00 van Laere, J., Aggestam, L. (2015). Understanding champion behaviour in a health-care information system development project how multiple champions and champion behaviours build a coherent whole. European Journal Of Information Systems. doi:10.1057/ejis.2015.5 Zhang, H., Mehotra, S., Liebovitz, D., Gunter, C., Malin, B. (2013). Mining Deviations from Patient Care Pathways via Electronic Medical Record System Audits. TMIS, 4(4), 1-20. doi:10.1145/2544102

21St Century Essays - Criminology, Personality,

21St Century The 21st Century is just around the corner and with it will come many changes in today's modern society. Changes occur daily, yet taken into view yearly these changes become extremely noticeable. The people of today's society are changing everyday, and therefore so is the world. This report will express personal beliefs on what will occur in the 21st century. Within it are examples such as, crime rates, personalities, religion, and living environments. The 21st Century will bring crime rates to a substantially high rate. In today's society we have a high crime rate. Day by day more crimes are committed, and taken year by year the numbers rise hugely. This only shows that the police department's system is not working the way expected. This system has not been modified to any extent, and therefore the numbers will not change. By the time the 21st Century comes along the numbers will have risen to a point where society will be terrified to leave their homes for fear of being attacked. The on patrol system has not stopped criminals from committing another crime. Criminals who were once imprisoned come out different people searching for a new life. When these ex-criminals find that their previous record stops them from retrieving the dream they were told they could have, they return to the life of crime. The system takes into effect only the emotional changes of the criminal and has never reflected upon the actual changes of the rest of society. Personalities are what bring about the entire population. Some have cultural personalities, this brings about segregation of cultures. Other's have a prejudicial personality, which brings about segregation because of skin color. Each person with these personalities begins to resent one another. This brings the riots and civil wars of our society. The 21st Century will only stay the same. Cities, states, and countries, neither have the power to control one's personality. You can put a person through therapy or anything you choose, but that person can still have his or her own personality. With all of the worlds technology personalities are the only thing that can ruin an entire civilization in a matter of weeks. If a personality is set toward the negative, the same persons environment will be set in the exact same direction. The human personality is the key to that persons life. The current 20th Century living environments are decent, but descending in popularity. There are literally areas in the world that people are afraid to leave their homes for fear of being attacked. This again refers back the to police and their so called system. If the personalities can not be changed by the police and their system, how can the living environments of humans change as well? They can not. In common with these unchangeable personalities comes religion. True that this subject does not seem that it relates to personalities, but it does. Religion is dropping drastically. Reason being that priests are becoming more and more scarce. There are no longer young priests, all are aged. The stereotype of a priest has been settled and young people try to stay as far as possible from being that. Stereotypes and peer pressure are the basis for illusions. Today's young want to be married at some point in their life and have children. There are many restrictions that the priesthood holds and the younger society has not been trained for this and most do not have the patience for it. This is our religious problem, that can be fixed easily. With a simple meeting allowing more freedom of the priesthood, it would show the current society that the Vatican has faith in their family and trust that others can have a family and love God at the same time. The 21st Century will not be so dissimilar than today's society unless we change it. Change is probable, not impossible, as hard that may seem. The three main concepts for changing crime rates, personalities, religion and living environments are faith, hope, and determination. The 21st Century relies solely on what the next decade will bring about. Only we as a group will change the future for the betterment of man kind, and that alone stands

Creative Essay Topics Romeo and Juliet, Othello, Macbeth and other Shakespeares Plays

Creative Essay Topics Romeo and Juliet, Othello, Macbeth and other Shakespeares Plays Creative Essay Topics: Romeo and Juliet, Othello, Macbeth and other Shakespeare’s Plays Do you often make mistakes while spelling Shakespeare’s name? If you do, don’t get upset – there are numerous proofs like his signatures on different documents that showed his struggling with writing his own last name correctly. Shakespar, Shakespear or Shakspere? Unfortunately, a great and renowned writer didn’t have any spell checkers to suggest his mistake (by the way, made not only in his name’s spelling, but in all his literary works). Nevertheless, that didn’t prevent him from becoming a playwright master known all over the world. Romeo and Juliet is one of the most popular works created by Shakespeare. It was adapted directly in about 45 films and TV shows in different countries, and taken as a main idea for more than a hundred other adaptations. Macbeth and Othello don’t hang behind either. And can you imagine how many times were they used as school play? That’s just unbelievable! So, whether you’re a literature major or just a high schooler, be sure that you’ll get an academic assignment to write an essay on one of Shakespeare’s plays sooner or later.   And it’s better to be ready for that, for example, to have 20 sample essay topics: Romeo and Juliet, Othello or Macbeth will not stop you from getting a decent grade! Similar Tragic Elements in Hamlet, Othello and Macbeth Reinterpretation of Juliet’s Character in Film Adaptations The Role of a Female Character in Othello The Battle Between Families as the Encouragement for the Romance between Romeo and Juliet Juliet as a Passionate Feminist of Her Time Romeo Juliet vs Othello Desdemona The Evaluation of Macbeth’s Ambitions: Would They Be Enough for a Modern Career Hunting? Lady Macbeth vs Melisandre: Determination to Kill and Change the Course of Events What Makes up Masculinity in Shakespeare’s Macbeth? The Image of Witches in Macbeth Racial Issues Displayed in Othello Why Was Othello Played by a Caucasian with a Pained Face in the Old Times? Othello’s Distrust in Desdemona: Why Didn’t He Check Whether She Really Betrayed Him? Twelfth Night: the Topic of Sex and Sexuality The Fool’s Role in the Twelfth Night The Positioning of Denmark in Shakespeare’s Hamlet Hamlet’s Claudius vs Macbeth: Differences and Similarities Goethe’s View on Hamlet: Do You Agree? The Relationships between a Daughter and a Father – King Lear Who Supports and Nourishes King Lear’s Madness? These topics will help you to get inspired and select (or create) the best title for your essay. Our general tips is to connect Shakespearean ideas, characters and concepts with modern issues like feminism, racism, sexuality, etc. This way you will come up with fresh and under-researched topics that will do just great for school or college academic writing (and be interesting enough to challenge and motivate you). So, bookmark our sample topic list and return to it when you finally receive the relevant task!

Deforestation and the Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Deforestation and the Environment - Essay Example The first case is about deforestation in Sumatra, an Island in Indonesia (Kuhn). Deforestation on the island is mainly because of papermaking. APP, Indonesia’s largest papermaker runs numerous acacia tree plantations on the Island. These plantations have been set up by clearing a vast majority of forestland. Local dwellers have accused the officials of the company of bringing about dilapidation to the local environment. The second case is based in the United Sates, where Cargill Corporation burns large tracts of forestland in order to pave way for soya plantations (Greenpeace International) in Brazil. This, in the region, is coupled with the fact that cattle ranchers, who in other areas typically move into areas that have already been exploited by loggers, are in this case clearing forestland themselves in a bid to expand their operations. The situation appears bleak; with Greenpeace International projecting that deforestation rates will be rising in coming years.Perhaps the m ost immediately felt effect of deforestation in the Sumatra region is the fact that the activity deprives locals of one of their most important sources of food. They recall a time when they could hunt for deer and birds in the forest, an activity they now cannot undertake since animals of this nature do not create habitats in the acacia forests. Acacia trees do not provide enough shade for animals. Another effect of deforestation in Sumatra is the fact that it is destroying the natural habitat of the Sumatran Tiger.

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 26

Assignment - Essay Example I for instance understand the importance of the type of communication to be made in writing. This is because of existence of different types of written communications that requires different approaches, formats, and formalities. A written communication also has to exhibit a high level of clarity to ensure efficient and effective message delivery to the recipient. This is because a clear message relieves the audience of possible strains in decoding and understanding the message and reduces chances of the message being neglected by the recipient. My skills in written communication also include the knowledge that such communications should be as short as possible to facilitate clarity of message. A written communication should also have an appropriate tone that considers the audience, and should be free from mistakes. An example of a written communication is in communication of an organization’s financial position to a potential investor (Guffey and Loewy, 2012). The program has similarly developed my ability to work as a team player, a factor that will allow me to fit into the accounting department that heavily relies on teamwork. I am particularly able to convey a given piece of information with a high level of clarity in expression. I have also developed good listening ability that allows me to receive communications from people, to understand them, and to respond to their needs appropriately. These facilitate interpersonal relationships towards team building and successful teamwork. I have similarly learnt to develop a positive attitude to any situation that may arise during interactions with team members. Such a positive attitude helps in managing identified weaknesses among other team members and develops trust towards a cohesive team. Similarly, I have developed patience and the ability to interact with people. While I developed these through practice during the course, their applications have demonstrated

Theories for the Development of Agriculture

Theories for the Development of Agriculture Question #2: Agriculture was one of the greatest advancements in human history as it provided a foundation for the development of social hierarchies or rank societies, population growth, greater access to resources through trade, and power struggles among the elites. The big question, however, is how did the practice of agriculture originate? Hunting and gathering societies had been very successful up until the time marking the transition to agricultural and sedentary practices. Therefore, why did early modern humans decide to change from an already successful lifestyle? This is a curious matter because the beginnings of agriculture were surprisingly not that effective or successful in generating great outputs of resources as once commonly believed. Agriculture, though it was a successful development in sedentism and increased population growth, brought malnourishment to early Natufian farmers of the lack of variety in its first generations of use. Therefore, the question still remains, why did h unter and gatherers transfer to agriculture and how did the process of agriculture get initiated? There are multiple models proposing the development of agriculture which can be differentiated in a biological and environmental emphasis as well as in a cultural and sociological track. Through the research of Gordon Childe, Braidwood, Binford, Cohen, and Hayden, an analysis of the strengths and weaknesses can be made in the differentiating theories of the development of agriculture. One proposed theory for the development of agriculture was climate change. There have been several large climatic transitions between the interglacial periods. Bar Yosef researched the paleoenvironmental conditions of the Levant and suggests that about 14,000BP (before present) there were more fluctuations in precipitation than changes in temperature, ultimately responsible for the expansion of the vegetational belts. This allowed for vast latitudinal migrations, good foraging patterns, increase in population growth, and an abundance of food resources. However, between 13,000 and 12,800BP known as the Younger Dryas, conditions became colder and drier, decreasing the annual precipitations and a change in the distribution of rainfall locations (29 Oct 2009). This placed much stress on the plants and animals. According to Bar Yosef, the dry climate expanded desert conditions and caused reductions in C3 plants, used for cereal, but also the reduction of megafauna which were unable to ada pt to the new environment (Bar Yosef 1998: 174). This in turn created doubts about the current nomadic organization of the foraging groups. The hunting and gathering bands soon migrated towards the Mediterranean regions to join other foraging groups to live within a close proximity and seek refuge in the small fertile areas. Childe an advocate for climate change as the effect for the development of agriculture states in his Oasis Hypothesis that because of the transition to dry and cold conditions, humans and animals migrated toward the river valleys for necessary water consumption. Bar Yosef states that along with territorial restrictions, [there was] an increased motivation for intentional cultivation (Last Hunters 70). This not only increased population size but could have also instigated sedentary life. The ideal environment that would foster the origins of agriculture would be in an area with an abundance of resources. Previously it was considered that agriculture arose in marginal environments areas where severe climatic change forced human populations to find new foods to eat (Price and Gebauer 7); it is on the contrary however, that populations unable to sustain themselves would not take the risk of testing out new methods for the accumulation of food. Agriculture requires more energy expenditur e and work from all inhabitants than foraging, therefore as a struggling population, this method would not have been the best option. Childes argument takes into account the climatic and environmental pressures but it does not provide any cultural factors that might have also influenced the development of agriculture. Braidwood challenges Childes hypothesis and suggests a more culturally driven theory for the agricultural origins. Contrary to Childes Oasis Theory in which desiccation marginalized suitable foraging territories and caused large groups to settle in close proximities in lowland oases, Braidwood suggests through his Nuclear Zone Theory and through his research in the Zagros-Taurus mountain ranges, that agriculture in fact began in the well-watered regions known as the hilly flanks of the Fertile Crescent (Watson 25). Braidwood accepts the notion that climatic change has some sort of an effect on the origins of agriculture; however, he suggests that it only plays a minor role, contrary to the ideas of Childe. Braidwood instead proposes that the development of agriculture is dependent on the presence of cultural mechanisms (Redman 1978: 96) because along with the presence of agriculture, social and political systems of the early Natufian people were created as well. Braidwood states that agriculture was the natural outcome from social and cultural complexities. He questioned that if cultural change i s reliant on climate change stated by Childe, then why did agriculture not start before the large changes occurred during the interglacial periods, such as 125 million years ago (3 Nov 2009)? Using a cultural approach, Braidwood suggests that agriculture was not possible 125 million years ago because the human cognition was not fully developed and complex enough to suggest any such type of food accumulation methods (10 Nov 2009). Agriculture requires a lot of coordination and management controlled by the elites, therefore, it could be hypothesized that with the presence of social hierarchies, sedentism was also in establishment. The favorable environment of the hilly flanks as well as the presence of the ancestral or wild strains of the now domesticated plants offered foragers the option to settle down. With the act of settling down in the optimal zones, as well as the accumulation of knowledge about the physical environment, Braidwood suggests that over time, foragers would eventua lly realize the potential inherent in the local flora and fauna and would exploit that potential by domesticating appropriate species (Watson 25). This also suggests the requirement of greater cognition and larger brain size of the modern human; and therefore Braidwood argues agriculture appears only when the human culture was mature (3 Nov 2009). Braidwoods hilly flanks theory is successful because it attributes to developments of sedentism and food storage. Braidwood criticizes Childes dependence on climatic change as being the main reason for the origins of agriculture because he holds a cultural perspective in regards to its development. Braidwood states that if cultural change, the transition to agriculture, depended solely on noncultural factors, the climate, then there should be evidence of cultural change before the last Ice Age that separates the end of the Pleistocene and the Holocene (3 Nov 2009). Against Kleins Big Bang Theory regarding human cognition, agriculture simply did not happen before the Holocene because humans were not ready or complex enough to have the capability of creating the idea of agriculture (10 Nov 2009). Braidwood and Childe both suggest that agriculture occurred in small optimal zones, however, through Braidwoods research in the mountainous regions of Iraq, he concludes that there was no significant climate change because the areas were still relatively fertile and therefore there was a large concentrati on of animals and plants that could be exploited. According to the Willy Sutton principle, where there are ample resources, then people will settle there and take advantage of those resources (3 Nov 2009). A weakness in Braidwoods theory however is that he does not try to answer the question: why did agriculture occur at the time that it did? It is suggested that agriculture developed independently throughout the world at relatively the same time. Braidwood does not question why this happened but only concentrates on how it happened. Braidwood provides good reasons as to why he criticizes Childes hypothesis, however, his weakness is that he does not provide a strong alternative theory. In his book, Prehistoric Man, he states, the groups became agricultural villagers because they were ready for it (MacNeish 9) which demonstrates his theory that man only developed agriculture when the culture and cognition were more complex. This however is not an effective alternative hypothesis beca use it needs evidence to support the claim. The only evidence available is the size of the human brain, which does not deduce much information because archaeologists cannot question the cognitive capabilities of the deceased. Artifacts are available to suggest development in ideas and concepts, but this is also highly subjective. An alternative hypothesis to the development of agriculture is directly correlated with population growth. Both Mark Cohen and Lewis Binford attribute that with the pressures on food availability caused by population growth, agriculture was an innovative development which helped sustain growing societies. Louis Binfords model for agriculture weaves pieces of both Childes and Braidwoods hypotheses. Binford suggests that hunting-gathering groups maintained equilibrium between their population size and availability of resources in order to remain under the environments carrying capacity (Watson 26). This idea explains why foraging groups were successful; they kept a control on the food intake for each person. During the Younger Dryas, as climate became colder and drier, groups moved to the coastal regions where they became sedentary, as Childe had concluded. The difference however is that Binford focuses on population size as the stressor and instigator for agriculture. Groups congregat ed into the optimal zones, putting pressure on the available resources as well as creating an imbalance on the carrying capacity. This caused some groups to move out of the optimal zones and settle along the peripheries that had drought-resistant plants and smaller-sized animals (5 Nov 2009). With the increased pressure of supporting population sizes and the need to remain under the areas carrying capacity, groups intensif[ied] their subsistence practices in the direction of domesticating plants and animals (Watson 26). The necessity for subsistence strategies in addition significantly impacted societys social and economic factors, demonstrated through Brian Haydens social competition theory. This theory establishes that sedentism preceded agriculture. In order for the sedentary lifestyle to persist and work efficiently, rank societies were established. In response to social hierarchies, there is an inherent need to accumulate power and prestige. Power is equated to food, and in order for elites to maintain their prestige and power they need to be maintain large quantities of food. To exponentially increase their possession of food, the development of agriculture comes into effect. Hayden proposes that the development of agriculture is a result of stress from social competition and the change in the social environment (10 Nov 2009). This change in societal structure is not the result of agriculture but it is more so the cause of agriculture (10 Nov 2009). Hayden also states that agriculture can only occur in locations where there is already an abundance of food and where it can be reproduced (Zeder 2006: 111). The reason for this is that large societies would not put thei r inhabitants at risk attempting a new method of food accumulation if environmental conditions were unsuitable. The development of agriculture, if conditions were successful, was able to produce surpluses which increased rank of elites and created storage for food. Agriculture also increased long distance trade and cross cultural relationships. With the presence of surpluses, societies could afford to give something away (5 Nov 2009). A flaw in Haydens model is that he also fails to address Braidwoods question concerning the reason for why agriculture only occurs in the Holocene and not earlier. In order to understand the models described above with the origins of agriculture it important to account for the archaeological data. Some important ways to extract data is through pollen samples found in water bogs, radiocarbon dating, DNA extraction, etc. For example, in regards to Braidwoods hypothesis that climate change was not as important as Childe and Binford believed, reconstruction of plant communities enable archaeologists to reconstruct Paleolithic climates (29 Oct 2009). In order to reconstruct plant communities, pollen samples are used. Pollen samples can be preserved in waterlogged sediments because the mud at the bottom of the lakes have aerobic conditions, which means that there is no oxygen, allowing pollen and other artifacts to be nicely preserved (29 Oct 2009). Another method to reconstruct climatic conditions and determine when the Younger Dryas occurred is by evaluating methane gas presence in the ice cores found in Greenland (3 Nov 2009). This along with plan t communities can help reconstruct past climates. Lithic assemblages used by the first farmers, the Natufians, are also good indicators of when agriculture originated. Tools such as picks and sickle blades were used for harvesting cereals; this can be inferred by observing the microwear on the blades, but also through plant macrofossils which might contain residue from the particular grass being cut (Bar-Yosef 1998: 164). Agriculture can also be demonstrated by the structures of the central plant stems. In domesticated plants the seeds do not break off as easily as the wild grains do, which is evidence of human manipulation on plants to maximize output but a correlation of harvests with seasonality (29 Oct 2009). Another source of evidence for the origins of agriculture is looking at samples of preserved human coprolites in settled communities which helps detect what type of diet the human had. If there is a lack of nutrition, then it can be inferred that the society was just beginn ing the innovation of agriculture as there was a lack of nutrition and variety in early agricultural diets. Not just coprolites but also bone composition, tooth enamel, and support for the presence of pandemic diseases provide good archaeological support for the origins of agriculture (Zeder 2006: 110). Its observed that carbon and nitrogen isotopes found within the bone and microwear on teeth detect the nutrition of humans. Other archaeological evidence for the presence of agriculture, described by Zeder (2006: 110) is the presence of fences and corral to enclose the communitys animals; this reason fits nicely with the social theory and necessity for agriculture because it demonstrates the complete transition to sedentary life and the domestication of plants and animals. There are multiple theories that be equated to the development of agriculture and they all tend to build off of each other. Yes, each archaeologist or theorist emphasizes slightly different nuances, however they interrelate archaeological, environmental, and societal information in each of their models. According to Watson, Braidwoods account improves on Childes, and Binfords upon Braidwoods (27). I propose that the stress theories of Childe, Cohen, and Binford can co-occur with the cultural change theories of Braidwood and Hayden. Agriculture could have been a great phenomenon that occurred by accident, but human cognition had to have had enough knowledge for the manipulation of grasses and animals to exploit and produce large surpluses. In order to keep order within the society with the presence of agriculture there also has to have been control and power structures. Climatic changes play a huge role in regards to where societies choose to settle and in the strength of seasonal foo d production. In recognizing the biological and cultural aspects of agriculture, it can be deduced that these models are very much interrelated with specific links that may cause one theorists model to lean heavily to one side or another. There is not one universal applicable theory for the origin of agriculture because all of the worlds systems are interdependent on one another. Question #3: States are regionally organized societies with large populations that are economically and ethnically diverse. This suggests that the formation of a state occurs when there are social hierarchies with a small elite group that accentuates its sovereignty and dominance over the rest of the population. According to Algazes lecture, societies must have political administration, economic administration or redistribution, and religious indoctrination or infrastructure in order to be labeled as a state (17 Nov 2009). It has commonly been noted that states or cities are only considered as such with the dependence of a large population size, 100,000 people or more. R. Fox in his book Urban Anthropology, however, discusses that determining a state or a city on raw size or scale is not completely irrelevant but it is also not an important key component (17 Nov 2009). It is more important to evaluate a city or state on its function and sustainability. The central question therefore is: what comp onents are important in the formation of a state? In Jonathan Haas book, The Evolution of the Prehistoric State, he divides numerous theories of the origins and formations of states into two categories: the conflict position and the integration position. These two positions try to argue how states formed and regulated and maintained control over the complex societies. Through the theories of Engels and Fried regarding the conflict position, Haas argues that states formed and resolved economic and social stratifications effectively over their own populations and neighboring peoples through coercion. Opposed to the conflict position, Haas derives the integration position argument from Service, in which state governments were able to regulate and maintain social order over its inhabitants without the use of forceful tactics. Haas ultimately does not support either position: for conflict or for integration, however, if it was necessary, the conflict theory would seem more plausible as i t contains more valid reasons and logical thought.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some of the basic components that influenced Engels and Fried to cooperate with the conflict model were the increases in agricultural production, development of trade relationships, and the introduction of irrigation systems for water control. Engels states that the formation of the state begins with origins of agriculture (Haas 1982: 36). With the ability to produce more food and create surpluses for a growing population, societies became more sedentary and divisions of labor were created. The increase in food production created specialized occupations and allowed the elites to assume political administrative roles or have an impact in religious dealings. The role of religious figures is important as it is correlated with the states political administration. Religion has a faà §ade, seen to unite a population, however, it is also influentially political in order to control and regulate public affairs (Haas 1982: 44). The large prominence of religious temples provides strong support for the importance of religious ideology and coercion in a common belief upon the inhabitants within the state (Stein 1994: 42). Childe also argues that with the need to support non-agricultural producing groups within the society, irrigation agriculture not only increased food availability on a large scale but also was an important facet for social control (Haas 1982: 40). The social control derives from elites controlling the power of water supply as well as the necessity of a huge labor source. The conflict model comes into effect due to the presence of differences in economic wealth and divisions of labor. Engels states that as the politically dominant class acquires the new means of holding down and exploiting the oppressed classby levying taxes and enforcing social control [through] force (Haas 1982: 37). Austin also provides knowledge on the conflict position in the governments development of laws. Laws coerce the population to maintain order and submit to the political authorities of the elites; otherwise there are negative reciprocations (Haas 1982: 38). In Frieds model the basis for the conflict theory is the maintenance of social order in regards to possible conflict arousal to the differences in access to resources (Haas 1982: 49). With the increase in agricultural production and limited access to resources, private property became an issue in establishing economic and political status. Fried states that with the sanctity of private property, social order is accomplished through instituted governmental enforcement (49). Fried successfully discusses that with the changes in mate rialistic components such as increased food production, development of irrigation systems, and private property, the influence of political organization was pertinent. With the combination of military organization and laws along with stratification of classes, state formation provides support for elite social groups and the forceful submission of the peasant groups to the elites generating potential conflicts (Haas 1982: 49). Through evidence that supports state formations, economic scales become more and more important to maintain, grow, and flaunt among peripheral societies and therefore it is important to bring populations together in a defensive mode which calls for the construction of outer walls (19 Nov 2009). Fried provides theoretical approaches to his conflict theory based on the forced rule over a states inhabitants, however, Haas states that he fails to recognize the critical importance and utility of the archaeological record (1982: 50) for evidence to support his claim, and instead hypothesizes the emergence of states by looking at historically known societies (1982: 51). Frieds model can be testable, however it would need to be improved with more data and documentation from pre-state formed societies derived from the archaeological record rather than the historically based inferences. Fried bases his theory more on the logical approaches, for example, he supports the idea that within the means of producing more wealth, it is inevitable to have causes of social friction (19 Nov 2009). Some evidence that could relate to the forced control and economic differentiation amongst the inhabitants can be demonstrated through the layout of the city. For example, large structures belonging to the elites were central to the marketplace and the peasants separated farther away from the center. The presence of numerous temples centrally located indicates strong emphasis on religion and conforming to the beliefs described by the elites who most commonly absorbed the priest occupation. In Ubaid Mesopotamia, the architecture and distributions of artifacts demonstrate economic differentiations within households (Stein 1994: 38) such as with burial practices, artwork, and administration clay tablets. Also, the location of the houses and cities along the rivers and near the canal irrigation systems suggests potential trade of the surplus goods amongst neighboring societies with the ability to transport by waterways (Stein 1994: 42). Fried supports the conflict theory in which forceful tactics were used to create efficient states and political rule. On the contrary, advocates for the integration position propose social order was regulated without forceful tactics. Spencer for example argues that the lower classes, subordinate to the elite classes due to the development of social hierarchies within the political structure, accepted their lowly position in society compared to the wealthy elites (Haas 1982: 63) because of the inability to social climb. Haas also discusses that there might not be demonstrations of conflict or raging warfare between the elite and peasant groups because the peasants are politically and economically incapable of waging successful revolution[s] (1982: 79). According to Gumplowicz, the development of private property acted as a factor to maintain social control, an alternative to physical force (Haas 1982: 64). The main argument for the integration position is that after the state formed, classes were able to reunite through religion, residence locations, and language or culture. This suggests that integration might only be possible within the specific social classes and not throughout the all the social structures in the state. In regards to religion as a non-forceful factor in social order is through the argument of Moret and Davy who argues that rulers who view themselves as a god, thought that they derived their power from the will of the people (Haas 1982: 70). This reason is popularized to keep peasant revolts and power struggles within the kings hereditary circles subdued. Service asserts that political power in the formation of states due to the integration position was redistributive and was acquired by strong leadership qualities which were then passed into the hereditary elite classes (Haas 1982: 75). With the increase in population and size, integration is necessary for cooperation and successfulness in the administration of the state. Service also argue s that the first governments were ruled by right of authority and through the application of sacred sanctions (Haas 1982: 76). The purpose of the religious architecture was to provide social cohesion and control. The weakness of Services argument for the integration position is he advocates that the centralized government provides lots of resources and benefits to the people such as irrigation, religious beliefs, and protection, however he does not recognize that to have an effective state, force needs to be used to keep subjects under control to establish a stable and permanent government. The integrative position also proposes that public works were accomplished voluntary without physical force. However, there are no archaeological records of temples being voluntarily constructed. It can be detected from written documents that throughout other histories, public works were forced upon slaves; therefore the integration position seems weak and too optimistic. Evidence of the presence of walls and military troops suggests that protection was a necessity and important to demonstrate political autonomy over the societys own inhabitants and peripheral communities with who trade is accomplished. Haas does a great job in equally discussing the conflict and integration positions. It however seems more plausible that the conflict position influenced the formation of states as it part of human instinct to assert power and control over others in order to better maintain their own social position. Recognition of power and autonomy is essential in creating a stable state, and can only be accomplished by forcing people to cooperate with rules and regulations.